Tuesday, August 19, 2008

Car Crash My Fault What Happens

The truth about the "reconquista"

At school we were taught many lies, especially in a matter of history. One of the biggest is regarding the "reconquista". The name itself is a big lie, because there was never recapture anything.

begin at the beginning. The kingdom of the Visigoths is the first state genuinely English. That is, the kingdom founded by the Visigoths is the first Hispania (Spain) independent, the origin of the present English state. But this kingdom disappeared between 711 and 716, after a war against the Arabs. The Arab conquest was made possible due to internal disputes that existed between the noble Goths. In fact, in the 71st, one year before the start of the Muslim invasion, died Witiza Gothic king. In the midst of invasion, the country was divided between the nobles who had been appointed king Don Rodrigo, and those who considered that the king should be one of the sons of Witiza. The infighting was by then a constant in the kingdom, and it certainly facilitated the Islamic conquest.

Arabs defeated King Roderick in Guadalete, and completed their domination of the peninsula in 716, with further support of the various noble Goths, who joined them, that military victories. Could not win, however, Asturias, where the noble Gothic resisted Don Pelayo, who founded the kingdom Astur end. The Astur kingdom is not what remains of the Visigothic kingdom, which was broken, but a new entity that emerges from the Gothic resistance against the invasion. In addition, Asturias in the future will not be the sole focus of "reconquista" as another focus emerge in the Pyrenees.

From Astur kingdom Christians were taking new possessions to the Muslims, taking advantage in this case the internal struggles for power in Al-Andalus between the different factions (Arabs, Berbers, Slavs ...) and noble families. Thus came to conquer the Cantabrian end of the eighth century. Astur The kingdom was then transformed into the kingdom of Leon, who broke down in the kingdoms of León, Galicia and Portugal. Galicia would be recovered, but not Portugal, that he would remain as an independent kingdom (except for a brief period during the reign of Philip II). Portugal continued its "renewal" on its part to shape their country, conquered León Extremadura, which was its border with Islam. What happened while the rest of Spain?

The Muslim invasion was halted in Asturias, but not in the Pyrenees, penetrating even into the kingdom of the Franks, where they were arrested at the battle of Poitiers (732). The Franks then began their particular "reconquista", going into English territory in what is now northern Navarra, Aragon and Catalonia. There they formed the Hispanic in the late eighth century, as a zone of resistance against the Arab threat. The brand came to take so much power that it acquired independence, especially in Navarra, which became vested in their own kingdom. Also in the county of Barcelona, \u200b\u200balthough he never became a kingdom. Navarre has expanded and ended breaking up into three kingdoms: Navarre, Castile and Aragon. Throughout history, Navarre was isolated in the north, Aragón expanded southward, and in particular to the east, incorporating Catalonia, Valencia, the Balearic Islands and beyond, Naples, Sicily, etc ... Castilla, meanwhile, spread southwards by conquering the entire center of the peninsula.

Finally, the kingdoms of León (in Galicia) and Castile were united in 1230 with Fernando III, leading to the crown. This would join the Crown of Aragon in 1469, with the marriage of the Catholic kings. Then he would enter the kingdom of Granada to the Castilian crown in 1492, with the end of the War of Granada. Finally, today's Spain would settle in 1512, when Ferdinand Navarra conquest. Canary was incorporated into Castile in 1483. Thus, the last kingdom joins Granada Spain is not, as is often taught in schools, but Navarra.


The idea that this process was a reconquest is false for several reasons:

1 .- If the Visigoths sought to regain his kingdom, left Portugal, the southern part France, and part of northern Morocco, as part of the Visigoth kingdom.

2 .- Although the founders of the Astur kingdom descended from Gothic resistance, not the founders of the Hispanic, part of the kingdom of the Franks, and gave rise Catalonia, Aragon, Navarre and Castile, with all that Aragonese and Castilians conquered a posteriori.
3 .- It was a conquest unit. There were many kingdoms, as in the Muslim side, where were the Taifa kingdoms. These kingdoms also were often pitted against each other.

4 .- Nor was it a religious reconquest. Muslim and Christian kingdoms often joined to fight other Muslims and Christian kingdoms. Moreover, after the conquest of Granada, not forcing Muslims to convert to Catholicism (as stated in the chapter.)

5 .- There was an awareness of "reconquista" by the Christian kings. They simply took land to its neighbors, be they Christian or Muslim.
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6 .- Even after completion of the "reconquista" and unification of Spain, the concept of Spain as a nation was formed. Each kingdom maintained its independence as a kingdom, ruled by a king all common. For this reason, the king of Spain called himself king of Castile, Leon, Aragon, etc., etc., or simply King of Spain, for short. The first king who was called king Amadeo I of Spain was already in the nineteenth century.
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Example clearest of all is the length of the Sultanate of Granada, which lasted 200 years longer than other Taifa kingdoms. This was not due to a military resistance, but a policy of friendship with Castilla, which was a tributary kingdom. For example, in 1431, King of Castile, Juan II, invaded Grenada to overthrow the Sultan Muhammad IX, Lefty. But his claims were not conquer the territory, but to impose another king, Yusuf IV. In fact, the Catholic kings, when they decided to conquer the sultanate in the War of Granada (1482-1492), had the inestimable help of Boabdil Zagal, who had been dethroned by his niece, Boabdil the Younger. Most likely, the expected Zagal get rewarded with the crown of Granada, but it was not, and Elizabeth I decided to enter the realm for a long time ally of Castile, the English crown.

Saturday, August 9, 2008

Zero No Tsukaima 4 Relese

Language and the mediocre

Opinion piece
Francesc de Carreras, extracted from the website of Citizens

As I teach my classes in Catalan, unfortunately I have students from Erasmus, the foreign student program that facilitates the exchange of students EU. However, on one occasion, at the end of the first class of course came to see a group of European students. They said that the authority had assured them that I took the class in Castilian and therefore had pointed to my group. Indeed, the teacher in charge of informing them of an error. I fixed it by saying things that seemed more natural and sensible: "Do not worry, from now on will use Castilian, the important thing is to communicate well, not the instrument used to communicate."

After a few days, talking with Dutch and Swedish students naively asked them to something that arouses curiosity, "Erasmus students going to countries known to the Dutch and Swedish to understand the teachers in the classroom? ". Smiling, I replied that obviously did not, had almost no idea of \u200b\u200bthe Dutch Erasmus or Swedish, but more than half the classes were taught in English because the teachers came from many different countries and English had become the common lingua franca. I felt pretty silly, parochial to hear this response. Should assume that the university authorities of these countries were educated and intelligent, concerned with knowledge and not by the vehicle which transmits interested in attracting the best teachers, but had to go look beyond narrow borders of their countries.

Well, in Catalonia are at odds with this position, our political authorities university and still have the mentality of the past. As reported by this newspaper, the Catalan universities approved within the Interuniversity Council of Catalonia, the proposal of the Government of Catalonia under which all new teachers, or older who wish to advance in his academic career, the level should be required C Catalan. This agreement has been unchecked my university, the Autonomous: Congratulations, team president and government!

C Recall that the Catalan level implies a perfect knowledge of the language, spelling and syntax. Behind him, there is only level D, which very few possess, due only to specialists to perform very specific functions of language, translation work or grammatical correctness. Do our universities as much appeal for teachers from Spain or other foreign countries make the effort to achieve the level C? Obviously, this will deter many college to come to Catalonia. It's already happening now, for years, not just in college, but also in other professions: doctors, notaries, judges, prosecutors, senior executives. Never in Catalonia had been shortcomings in these professions, on the contrary they were always highly sought after places. Only now, language barriers isolate and impoverish us.

But beware: the fault is not Catalan, the fault of the language policy of the fanatical excesses committed in the name of Catalan.

Catalan society, the vast majority are bilingual and tolerant. Also, except some intransigent, the move here to live and work strive to understand, speak, at a certain age, it's another thing Catalan quickly, especially if they are people with little cultural base. Ultimately, society is no problem. The problem is in a language policy and misguided, as is the case of the university, in some unspeakable interests. He has said exactly Professor Joaquim Molins, referring to the case at hand: "What people want mediocre Catalan universities restrict competition. Put as many barriers as possible to prevent people from the rest of Spain or Foreign them off their seats. This is what underlies this decision. And if there is a place where mobility is critical is in college. "

Catalan, as the poet said years ago a conservative, is a glass of clear water, that is, must be kept alive, with the support and incentives, but naturally, coexisting in peace with Castilian, as he had always been in Catalonia. The language should be an element of communication, not an element exclusive identity that we face each other. The philosopher Fernando Savater has led to a manifesto, in a few hours we have adhered to over 40,000 citizens, full of common sense, a spirit of tolerance and good sense. Meanwhile, the Government does something foolish, you fight with Madrid for a third hour of Castilian miserable week in schools, requires C-level and university professors, and at the height of surrealism, fail to renew a Extremadura cultural radio emissions issue not in Catalan! The

Catalunya and civic tolerance must react, instead of keeping silent while the mediocre fans and we are sinking into a visible decline.

Francesc de Carreras, professor of constitutional law at the UAB.

Thursday, August 7, 2008

How To Clean The Wax Off Surfboard

Diseases: marginalitis

Article extracted from Black Flag and Black Flame

youth viral disease in recent years has mutated to affect the immune system in older people. The incidence peak between 15 and 25 years, although some subjects had relapses at later ages. The symptoms of this disease include acute alcoholism, paranoid schizophrenia and delusions of persecution. In many cases these symptoms are accompanied by prolonged baldness. Some experts the

have classified as a disease only present in "esquingers", but recent studies have shown that it can affect large segments of the population. The patient suffering from the "Marginalitis" develop antisocial behavior, alcohol and violence that are far from the ideas that supposedly defends. In advanced stages of the disease, the original ideas of the individual is reduced to zero, and there are only certain childhood tics such as masturbation by symbols "radical." In many cases, the clinical picture also has a phobia of culture and a habit of turning words into numbers. Thus, if the patient wants to say hello cry hard Conch Ochentaytré!, And if Europe means European sincuentaysincooo hard cry!.

There are a number of parasitic diseases which affect the patient with "Marginalitis", the most common "Botasobaquismo" consisting of wear military boots that reach the armpit. Many of the patients examined reported a continued use of psychoactive substances and / or anabolic steroids. Associated with this consumption, symptoms of priapism invested (tiny size of the penis in men and women flat chests). This serious ailment can induce individuals to commit criminal acts. Murder camels to get a dose, homicide is attempted, knife crime .... Patients with the highest degree of "Marginalitis" have come to express a certain difficulty in speaking, and at least a score of subjects served only made that unrelated words like "moromielda", "arribasssspaña" or "sijjjjaiiil."

If you have this disease, talk to your family quickly. If treated early can be overcome, and the patient is able to return to political life "standard." Even some specialists who have written this article suffered a milder variant of the disease, getting overcome with success. That yes, they have been affected other sequelae, although one of them has come "far away" in politics (Presidents of parties, associations ...).

Tuesday, August 5, 2008

Sanzo Uke Doujinshi Dowland

Relationship between Granada and Andalusia

that Spain is a nation multinational is a fact that only a fool can deny. Not only are there geographic differences linguistic but also cultural. around Galicia and Asturias shows that the Celtic heritage is still very much alive in this region, apart from the rest of Spain (for instance). We can even observe racial differences within our nation, with a northwest-southeast gradient in hair and eye color. To accommodate these differences ethno-cultural has created the state of the autonomies. Now, all the nationalities that make up Spain are represented by this state. Are all? No, not all. There is a nationality that is being maligned and despised: Grenadian citizenship. In a bizarre way , Granada is incorporated as part of Andalusia , which is unjustified, both for historical reasons, for cultural reasons, and even pragmatic. Andalusia and Granada not only are two separate entities, but also, Granada is a national reality much more elaborate that Andalusia.


To begin, remove the Andalusian myth of the nation. The word Andalucía derived from Al-Andalus , which in turn derives the word Al- Vandalius , which means "land of the Vandals." The Vandals were a Germanic people who settled in Andalusia in the early fifth century His reign was short here, as soon settled in North Africa, although colonies maintained throughout the southeastern Iberian coast. The kingdom disappeared conquered by the Byzantine Empire in the sixth century. The Berbers, therefore, believed that the original land of the Vandals was Hispania, and hence termed the Iberian Peninsula Al-Andalus , synonymous Hispania and Iberia. Al-Andalus therefore does not refer to a nation or state, but the entire peninsula, that is, to a geographical region. The real Arab state that existed in the peninsula was Umayyad Caliphate of Cordoba . That was its official name, and not that of Al-Andalus .


Andalucía The term was used generically to refer to the Taifa kingdoms of Seville and Cordoba, where they were captured of Castile, but was never used to designate the kingdom of Granada, which survived a couple of centuries rather than others. In the poem Abenábar , for example, we distinguished Andalucía in Granada, as two distinct entities. While Andalusia was a geographical region (as can be " Scandinavia), Granada was referred to a well-defined nation-state. The kingdom of Granada was founded in 1013 by ben Zawi Zirí , and occupied the hearts of Elvira, about the provinces of Jaen and Granada. After its disappearance in 1090, was refounded by ben Mohamed Nazar towards 1232. With the conquest by the kingdom of Castile disappeared (as people think), but joined the English crown. The kingdom of Granada remained in existence until the disappearance of the name of a kingdom in 1833, when setting about the current provinces. The importance of the kingdom of Granada is such that the shield is part of the national emblem, along with the arms of Castile, Leon, Aragon and Navarra, the main nations that make up Spain.


The following
map we can see the provinces of Spain (see http://www.elnazari.blogspot.com/ ):




Compare with the Autonomous Communities:

The similarity is undeniable. Galicia, Asturias, Navarra, Aragon , Catalonia, Valencia, Balearic Islands and Extremadura remain almost unchanged. La Rioja displayed, Madrid and Cantabria . Vizcaya change its name slightly Euzkadi and territory, Murcia Albacete loses but remains as a region, New Castile becomes Castilla La Mancha, and the regions of León and Castilla la Vieja join the community of Castilla y León. All regions have their presence in the current map ... except Granada, which is engulfed by Andalusia. He has not even respected Grenadian nationality creating autonomous community of Andalusia and Granada as has been done with Castilla y León.

But the blunder with Granada goes further. If we examine the capital of the autonomous communities, they are always central cities or historical importance: Santiago de Compostela, Oviedo , Santander, Vitoria , Zaragoza, Madrid, Valladolid , Merida, Valencia, Murcia, Barcelona, \u200b\u200bLogroño , Palma de Mallorca , Toledo ... The Canary Islands had two capitals, Santa Cruz de Tenerife and Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. The only exception is again Andalusia. Considering Andalucía as heir to the Andalusia province, the logic should be Córdoba capital. Is approximately in the center of the region and is the most important historical city, capital of Andalusia and the province of the Umayyad Caliphate . It turns out that no, the capital Andalusia is Seville , whose historical significance lies only as a commercial center during the conquest of America, an important obviously much lower than that held by Cordoba throughout history. Sevilla also has the defect of being off center, away, in fact, the kingdom of Granada, leaving the provinces of Jaén, Granada and Almeria relatively isolated. The choice of Seville as the capital of Andalusia not obey or historical reasons or practical reasons, so it is conceivable that obey only for economic reasons.

But the question is why Granada has been ostracized. The most likely answer is in Hernando Cordoba and Válor , better known by its Arabic name: Mohamed aben Humeya . After the incorporation of the kingdom of Granada to the English crown, the Muslim community remained in the region. Many converted to Christianity, as the very aben Humeya , but kept their customs. The repression of this community led them to revolt in 1568 in the famous rebellion of the Alpujarras . Felipe II, who was a wise king, then realized that Granada was a powder keg. Cultural differences between Castile and Granada made it difficult to live together and repression does not seem effective. Then had the bright idea to disperse the Moors from Granada across the peninsula and recolonize Granada with residents from all corners of the kingdom. In this way the Muslim community spread, which ended integrated into English society and the kingdom of Granada Castilianize. This kingdom continued to exist officially, but its inhabitants were actually foreigners. Maybe they never completely identified with this land, and lack of leaders who defend the idiosyncrasies of the population led to Granada Granada to be a displaced population. While Blas Infante Andalusian nation was invented, no one ever claimed the nation Granada.

This situation must change. The Granada have lived without a homeland for many years, as mere castellanos want to become stateless Andalusians. But now we know who we are, our history and our nation. We have historical, cultural and pragmatic to demand the segregation of Andalusia and Granada. 2013 will celebrate the millennium of the birth of our nation. Celebrate the millennium organized and everything great. For Granada, Spain and Europe.